Nowadays the PAPER factories, especially factories which use waste PAPERs because of environmental issues and lack of forest sources, need to identify fibers in raw materials to improve quality of RECYCLED PAPERs. In order to evaluate feasibility of fibers identification, PAPERs of 6 Iranian important factories (7 different Kinds of PAPERs) have been sampled. Factories use waste PAPER for raw materials. Many micro- slides have been prepared from the PAPERs according to ISO 9184-1 (ISO 1990), and many morphological and anatomical characteristics inside Atlases have been used to identify of exotic fibers. Eventually frequency of identified species in PAPERs has been recorded. The result showed that identification of PAPERs is feasible. From the softwoods: Pinu spp., Larix spp., Picea spp. and from the hardwoods: Populs spp., Fagus orientalis, Betula spp., Alnus spp. and Carpinus betulus and from non-woods: Wheat, Corn, Cotton and Rice were the most plentiful species. The number of recycles and processes of refining and beating in PAPER production process causes fiber destruction and identification of PAPER fibers especially for species whose shape of fibers (vessel elements and trachids) are very similar, therefore they are not useable for fiber identification.

In order to investigate the microbiological safety of sanitary tissues made of RECYCLED scrap PAPERs in Iran, random samples were taken for one year with the cooperation of the Iranian Standard and Industrial Research Institute (Karaj unit), of 44 types of sanitary tissues, two samples of each type including tissues, toilet PAPERs and dippers as well as a control sample and their probable contamination with microbiological elements (bacterial & fungal) were assessed using proper ordinary and specific culture environments while also performing confirmation tests. Considering all aspects of this study including easy identification, high precision, simplicity of application, economic justification and observation of better results, the method which applies ringer 1/4 solution as the thinner environment was preferable to the saline peptone water solution. No contamination with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and E.coli bacteria was observed, but the excessive contamination with the mesophillic bacteria was confirmed. Among the 27 samples tested with the ringer 1/4 method, 8 cases (29.6%) were excessively contaminated with the mesophillic bacteria and one case (3.7%) with fungi. Meanwhile, out of the 43 samples that were tested with the saline peptone water solution, there was no excessive contamination with mesophillic bacteria and only one case (2.3%) of fungal contamination was observed.

The PAPER coating process has a special place in the PAPER industry in order to reduce production costs and improving quality. In this study, kaolin was first extracted from waste PAPER and XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDX analysis are used to investigate the microstructural properties of kaolin RECYCLED from waste PAPER. Then, the coating solution of RECYCLED kaolin was coated on PAPER at four levels of thickness 30, 60, 90, and 120 micrometers. Based on the study of permeability properties and mechanical properties, the superior treatment was related to coated PAPER with 120 micrometers thickness.

This research was conducted to find a procedure to increase the optical and strength properties of PAPERs made from oxidized waste newsPAPER fibers. Samples of waste newsPAPERs were randomly selected and deinked, then one part of deinked pulp was refined. Both refined and unrefined RECYCLED pulp were divided into two groups. In each case, a group of pulps was used to make standard hand sheets (control samples) without hydrogen peroxide treatment and only adding 2% cationic starch. Second group was subjected to different percentages of hydrogen peroxide (2%, 3% & 4%) in alkaline conditions, then 2% cationic starch was added to oxidized fibers prior to hand sheeting preparation and then standard hand sheets were made. Optical and strength properties of all hand sheets were determined according to TAPPI standards. Also FTIR spectra was taken to specify the effect of oxidation on surfaces of pulp fibers. Results showed that treatment with oxidizing agent increased the strength indices of PAPERs. This increase was more evident when 3% hydrogen peroxide was applied. The strengths of the control samples were the lowest. Moreover, refining imposed the positive effect on strength properties. Results of optical properties measurements indicated that as the extent of treatment for both refined and unrefined pulps increases, the brightness increased, and both the yellowness and opacity decreased. The highest brightness was reached when 3% peroxide was used. Also refining results in increased in brightness and yellowness but decrease opacity. FTIR spectra showed that samples of oxidized pulp had the greatest absorption at wave number of 1650 which pertains to carboxyl group.

A close relationship exists between forest product industries and the water cycle. Water as a natural resource is assumed to be a necessary and vital element in pulp and PAPER manufacturing as well as power generation in the related power plants. The objective of the current study is to determine the main factors affecting water consumption in RECYCLED PAPER manufacturing companies using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Several questionnaires and related tables were forwarded to selected RECYCLED PAPER manufacturing companies to evaluate the water reduction criteria in different sectors including the manufacturing process, final product, raw material, human resources, costs and expenditures, environmental regulations and technical modifications. The results were analyzed using Expert Choice 2000 software. The results indicated that the final product criterion was ranked first followed by manufacturing process, human resources, costs and expenditures, environmental regulations and technical modifications, in that order. Also among alternatives, final product, cooling water network, and water storage tanks were categorized in the first three priorities. The specified priorities would assist managers and production experts to achieve optimal water consumption with the minimum possible cost.

In this research, producing packaging PAPER by utilization of various RECYCLED fibers was investigated. Also, the effect of using starch on the characteristics of manufactured PAPERs and the effect of refining on the properties of the PAPERs made from fibers RECYCLED from MDF wastes were studied. PAPER samples were produced in grammage of of 75, 120, 127 g/m2. To be ensure of the effectiveness of the starch treatment and the differences between the chemical structure of the fibers, the infrared spectroscopy test was utilized. The mechanical properties of PAPERs were also investigated. The results of the infrared spectroscopy test showed a slight difference in the chemical structure of different RECYCLED fibers. Also, the results showed that the starch treatment has changed the chemical structure of the fibers well, which has led to the addition of a new peak at a wavelength of about 1100 cm-1. The results of PAPER properties showed the positive effect of utilization of starch. The best combination of fibers for producing PAPER is to use the mixture of waste PAPER fibers and old cardboard, and the lowest resistances were observed in PAPERs made from the mixture of old cardboard and RECYCLED fibers from MDF wastes. Refinement of RECYCLED fibers from MDF wastes improved the tensile strength of the manufactured PAPERs, but led to a decrease in the tear resistance of the manufactured PAPERs. Generally, it can be concluded that it is possible to produce packaging PAPER from RECYCLED fibers from MDF waste in composition with other RECYCLED fibers, but in order to achieve suitable properties in the manufactured PAPERs, it is necessary to refine them along with steaming and effective additives should be used.

Light weight, good thermal and sound insulation, easy installation, high strength and low price are characteristics of sandwich panels that have found numerous applications in industry and construction today. In this composite two thin faces enclose a thick core layer that resists shear forces, which can be made of wood or wooden products. In this work, the improvement of the sandwich panel strength was investigated through changes on the material and crosssectional shape of the core layer made from waste PAPER with square hollow shape. For the fabrication of the samples, it was necessary to design and manufacture a metal mold to form raw materials with specific ratios and hollow shaped. Different quantities of crushed PAPER with specified dimensions and two types of common resin in wood composites industry were used to prepare the core layers. The square honeycomb cores were sandwiched between the face layers from medium density fiber board. The first results of this study showed that compressed waste PAPER in the form of a core layer was an acceptable function in the structure of a lightweight sandwich panel. The density of the PAPER core had a significant effect on the improvement of flexural strength, which increased with increasing density. In addition, the type of adhesive had a significant effect on the flexural strength of the sandwich panel. Phenol formaldehyde adhesive further improved flexural strength, compared with the urea formaldehyde.

1. Introduction: Large volume of sludges generated in pulp and PAPER industry causes environmental concerns and due to limited space and new legislations, their disposal options become more limited and uneconomical. Pulp and PAPER mill sludges, especially deinked PAPER sludge contains fundamentally non-hazardous solid materials such as lingocellulosic fibers, ink and significant amount of PAPERmaking fillers such as kaolin, clay, CaCO3, talc and silica [1].

In this study, the effect of refining on the optical and mechanical properties of pulp and PAPER made from RECYCLED banknote PAPER was investigated. For this purpose, fifty Rials waste banknote PAPERs were cut into strips with a width of 15 mm. First, retail banknote PAPERs were pretreated with acid under conditions pH=3 and 4 hours treatment time in ambient conditions. After acidic pretreatment, a acidic treatment was done under conditions pH=3 and 1.5 to 2 hours treatment time in 95oC, and the amount of consumed acid was 0.3% for banknote PAPERs weight. To separate ink particles from fiber surfaces, a alkaline treatment was performed after acidic treatment under conditions 2 hours treatment time in 95° C, and 3% NaOH for dry pulp weight. After alkaline treatment, obtained pulp was poured into a laboratory mixer and by mixer was stirred in 2 minutes until the fibers are so far apart. Then, the freeness of pulp was measured. Obtained pulp was refined by PFI refiner in refining intensities of 50, 100 and 150 and then, the freeness of obtained pulps were measured. After refining, for each of the pulps, hand sheet PAPERs were made and the properties of them were determined. The results indicated significant differences between pulp and PAPER properties made of waste currency PAPERs with 4 different refining intensities in 1% confident level. As increasing of refining intensity and refining revolutions, burst strength, tensile strength, folding strength and brightness of PAPERs increased but tear strength of PAPERs and freeness of pulps decreased